Verifying the identity of the signer and confirming that they willingly signed a document.

Verifying that a copy of an original document is an accurate and complete reproduction (except for certain documents such as birth certificates, which only the issuing agency can certify).

Certifying that a signer has sworn or affirmed that the contents of a document are true.

Administering a formal declaration of truth or a promise to perform an act faithfully.

Documenting the refusal of payment or acceptance of negotiable instruments, such as checks or promissory notes.

Confirming the truth of statements made in a document through an oath or affirmation.

Observing the signing of a document to verify the identity of the signer and their intent to sign.